2023 Free Response · Set 2

Define the concept of territoriality in terms of political geography.

Describe the concept of sovereignty as it relates to the state.

Compare ONE difference in territorial organization between the governments of unitary states and the governments of federal states.

Recently, the United Kingdom decided to withdraw from the European Union. Explain ONE possible reason why sovereignty would play a role in the United Kingdom’s decision to withdraw from the European Union.

During the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, some people in Scotland proposed independence from the United Kingdom. Explain ONE possible reason why territoriality would play a role in the devolution of a state.

Local governments often divide cities into representative electoral districts. Explain how the process of redrawing district boundary lines may affect election results within a city.

Explain why neighboring local governments may face challenges in providing transportation services to residents of a rapidly growing metropolitan area. and fill in the appropriate circle at the top of each page to indicate the question number. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2020 Country Gross National Income per Capita Percent of Workforce in Agriculture Total Fertility Rate Mean Years of Schooling Women/Men Life Expectancy Air Pollution Mortality Rate (per 100,000 people) Percent of Population with Access to Clean- Burning Fuels Afghanistan $1,976 39% 4.5 1.9 / 6.0 32% Brazil$10,857 9% 1.7 8.0 / 7.7 96% Finland $46,343 3% 1.6 12.6 / 12.3 100% Source: World Bank, UNICEF

Using the data categories in the table, identify ONE indicator that is used to calculate HDI scores.

Using a different indicator than the one identified in part A, explain why Brazil’s HDI score is higher than that of Afghanistan.

The UN and many countries have promoted sustainability principles. Describe ONE specific way that sustainability goals can respond to economic challenges.

Explain ONE reason why increasing women’s access to education is likely to affect a country’s total fertility rate.

SDG 8 is to “promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.” Explain ONE way in which a country’s development of ecotourism might affect economic growth.

Using data from the table, explain how access to clean-burning fuels for people’s homes relates to the life expectancy of a country’s population.

Explain how ONE of the countries in the table would be classified according to Rostow’s stages of economic growth. and fill in the appropriate circle at the top of each page to indicate the question number. PASTORAL NOMADISM IN THE SAHEL REGION OF AFRICA Source: Food and Agriculture Organization The Sahel is an environmental transition zone between the Sahara desert and the wet tropical forest regions of Africa. The landscape is a semiarid grassland, having distinct dry and wet seasons, and the region is interspersed with shrubs and small woodlands. SOURCES OF TENSION RELATED TO PASTORAL NOMADISM Groups Potential Sources of Tension Nomadic herders versus crop farmers • Damage to fields by migrating herds • Overgrazing by migrating herds • Competition for access to water • Increasing size of crop farms Nomadic herders versus conservation organizations • Grazing of protected areas • Degradation of natural habitats Nomadic herders versus government officials • Failure to follow regulations on cross-border migration • Activities such as smuggling foreign goods Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Describe ONE reason for the migration patterns shown on the map.

Describe ONE cause of desertification in the Sahel region.

Explain how pastoral nomadism may affect the cultural landscape of the Sahel region.

Explain ONE way mixed-crop farming could be affected by climatic conditions.

Using the map and table, explain why expanding protected natural areas may affect the migration routes of nomadic herders in the Sahel region.

Using the information in the table, explain why farmers’ increased use of irrigation may increase conflicts with nomadic herders.

Explain the degree to which increased access to communication technologies may create cultural convergence among nomadic herders. and fill in the appropriate circle at the top of each page to indicate the question number.