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1 Computers can be infected with malware. Spyware is one example of malware.

(a) Tick (✓) one box to show a correct definition of spyware.

A Software that activates a webcam and transmits the video to a third party that outputs it live on a website.

B Software that detects when a password is being entered and then emails the password to a third party.

C Software that records all data entered into a computer, analyses this data to find email addresses and passwords, then posts these to a website.

D Software that records all key presses and transmits these to a third party.

[1]

(b) Complete the table by identifying and describing two other examples of malware. Malware Description 1 2 [6]

(c) Proxy‑servers and firewalls have some similar functions.

Identify two similarities and one difference between proxy‑servers and firewalls. Similarity 1 Similarity 2 Difference [3]

2 A programmer has designed a three‑dimensional (3D) interactive computer game. They are going to develop a program for the game. The program needs to run efficiently, but it must also be developed as soon as possible.

(a) Tick (✓) one box to identify whether the programmer should use a high‑level language or a low‑level language to develop the program.

Explain the reasons for your choice.

High‑level language

Low‑level language Reasons for your choice [4]

(b) If the programmer chooses a high‑level language, they can use a compiler or an interpreter to translate the high‑level language into a low‑level language.

Describe the operation of a compiler and of an interpreter. Compiler Interpreter [4]

3 A new computer comes with primary and secondary storage.

(a) Data storage is measured using binary denominations.

Complete each conversion.

8 bytes = nibbles

512 kibibytes (KiB) = mebibytes (MiB)

4 gibibytes (GiB) = mebibytes (MiB)

1 exbibyte (EiB) = pebibytes (PiB)

[4]

Working space (b) Random access memory (RAM) is an example of primary storage.

Give three examples of data that is commonly stored in RAM. 1 2 3 [3]

(c) Describe the purpose of secondary storage [2]

4 A wildlife photographer stores their digital images on a computer.

(a) Complete the table by defining each term about images. Image term Definition pixel resolution [2]

(b) One of the images has a resolution of 1000 × 1000 and a colour depth of 2 bytes.

Calculate the file size of the image. Give your answer in bytes.

Show your working. Working space File size bytes

[2]

(c) The photographer decides to purchase a solid‑state storage device to back up their images.

Complete the description of solid‑state storage.

Use the terms from the list.

Some of the terms in the list will not be used. You should only use a term once. binary denary electrons grid neutrons non‑volatile RAM star transistors virtual volatile

Solid‑state storage is This means that the data is not

lost when the power is turned off.

Solid‑state storage is made of that are laid out in a

Gates are used to control the flow of the through the

transistors. This changes the data in the transistors from 1 to 0, or from 0 to 1.

[4]

(d) The photographer compresses an image file before it is emailed.

Give one reason why a file is compressed [1]

5 A website allows users to purchase items.

Computer A sends a request for the homepage to the website’s server.

(a) The request is sent using packet switching.

The structure of a packet of data has three elements. One element is the packet header.

(i) Identify two items of data contained in a packet header. 1 2 [2]

(ii) Identify the two other elements of a packet. 1 2 [2]

(b) Computer A needs to be directly connected to a router that is located in a different room.

(i) Tick (✓) one box to identify whether serial data transmission or parallel data transmission is more suitable for this connection.

Explain the reasons for your choice.

Serial data transmission

Parallel data transmission Reasons for your choice [3]

(ii) The connection will also use full‑duplex data transmission.

Define full‑duplex data transmission [2]

(c) The data transmission will use parity checks.

(i) The bytes need to be sent using an even parity byte check.

Complete the parity bit for each byte. Parity bit Byte A 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Byte B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

[2]

(ii) A parity block check can be used instead of a parity byte check.

Explain how a parity block check might detect an error in transmission that would not be detected by a parity byte check [2]

(iii) The data was sent using an even parity block check. One of the bits has been transmitted incorrectly. Parity bit Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Byte 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Byte 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Byte 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Byte 3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Byte 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Byte 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Byte 6 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Parity byte 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Identify the bit number and the byte number of the incorrect bit.

Bit number Byte number [2]

(d) The website allows the user to set up an account to log on and purchase items. The website is accessed and displayed using a web browser.

(i) Two functions of the web browser are to render hypertext markup language (HTML) to display web pages and to store cookies.

Identify two other functions of a web browser. 1 2 [2]

(ii) Identify two ways that cookies can be used to enhance the user’s experience of this website. 1 2 [2]

6 A company is involved in robotics.

One of its robots is designed to make a specific movement depending on a binary value.

(a) The table gives some of the movements for the robot.

Complete the table by writing the missing binary, denary or hexadecimal value for each movement. Movement Binary Denary Hexadecimal forward 1 step 00011111 31 back 1 step 140 8C turn right 01011010 5A turn left 120 78

[4]

Working space (b) Describe what is meant by robotics [2]

(c) The robot has a sensor and a microprocessor.

The robot will move forward continuously until it detects an object that is less than or equal to 10 cm in front of it.

If an object is less than or equal to 10 cm in front of it, the robot turns 90 degrees right. It then tries to move forward again.

Explain how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to automate this robot [7]

(d) The robot needs to find its way through different puzzles. Each puzzle has a series of paths that the robot needs to follow to find its way to the end of the puzzle. The puzzle contains dead ends and obstacles, so the robot needs to decide which way to go.

The robot’s program will use artificial intelligence (AI).

(i) Describe the characteristics of AI [3]

(ii) Explain how the program will use AI [4]